Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a type of bilateral allergic conjunctivitis that involves chronic inflammation of the conjunctiva that can also involve cornea. Typical onset is during childhood and it can present with seasonal variation with patient’s commonly experiencing flares during the spring and summer.
Bilateral Anterior Segment Dysgenesis (BASD) encompasses a group of rare congenital anomalies involving abnormal development of the cornea, iris, lens, and anterior chamber angle. These conditions often result in visual impairment, glaucoma, and associated systemic abnormalities. This article explores specific syndromes linked to BASD, including Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome, Peter’s anomaly, aniridia, and ICE syndrome. It provides an updated perspective on clinical features, underlying mechanisms, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies to enhance recognition and treatment of this complex condition.
Giant cell arteritis (GCA), also known as temporal arteritis, is the most common primary vasculitis in adults, primarily affecting individuals over 50 years of age. It is characterised by granulomatous inflammation of medium- to large-sized vessels, particularly the extracranial branches of the carotid artery, such as the temporal artery. GCA leads to the degradation of vascular smooth muscle cells and elastic fibres, resulting in vascular remodelling, aneurysm formation, and ischemic complications due to intimal thickening and vessel occlusion. The association between blindness and temporal arteritis was recognised as early as the 10th century by Ali-ibn-Isa of Baghdad. In 1890, Hutchinson first described the clinical characteristics of GCA, and in 1930, Horton and his colleagues provided a detailed account of its histopathological features.
Retinal detachment is an ophthalmic emergency that occurs when the neurosensory retina is separated from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) that can lead to irreversible loss of vision if left untreated. This article presents an overview of the causes, clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches, and management of retinal detachment.
The congress featured a Preliminary Update Course Programme designed to disseminate the latest scientific and clinical advancements in dacryology and dry eye disease. This comprehensive programme aimed to enhance the knowledge base and clinical expertise of participating professionals, including ophthalmologists, optometrists, researchers, and healthcare providers specialising in ocular surface diseases and lacrimal system disorders.
The conjunctiva is a thin, transparent membrane underlying the inner lid surfaces and the anterior sclera, and it is important in maintaining a suitable environment for the cornea and as defence against infection and trauma. Conjunctivitis is the inflammation of the conjunctiva and is characterized by dilation of the conjunctival vessels, resulting in hyperaemia and oedema of the conjunctiva, typically with associated discharge. However, visual acuity is usually not affected.
Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is a surgical procedure to treat nasolacrimal duct obstruction, which often results in chronic dacryocystitis and excessive tearing (epiphora). This article provides a comprehensive overview of the procedure, including anatomy and physiology, pathophysiology, historical context, surgical techniques, specific complications, and outcomes.
Lymphedema-Distichiasis Syndrome (LDS) is a rare genetic disorder characterised by the presence of double rows of eyelashes (distichiasis) and primary lymphedema. The ophthalmological manifestations of LDS are significant due to their potential impact on vision and overall eye health. This article provides an overview of the clinical features, diagnosis, and management of the ophthalmological complications associated with LDS.
Fuchs’ dystrophy, a progressive disorder affecting the cornea, is a condition characterised by the gradual deterioration of endothelial cells in the cornea, leading to vision impairment and, in severe cases, blindness. Ernst Fuchs, an Austrian ophthalmologist, first described the dystrophy in 1910. His detailed observations laid the groundwork for understanding the disease's clinical and pathological features. Initially, there were no effective treatments, and patients often faced significant vision loss. The primary management strategies involved symptomatic relief through hypertonic saline drops and ointments to reduce corneal oedema temporarily.
Corneal transplantation has seen significant advancements in recent years, with Descemet's Stripping Endothelial Keratoplasty (DSEK) and Descemet's Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty (DMEK) at the forefront. These techniques offer improved outcomes and faster recovery times compared to traditional full-thickness corneal transplants. This article explores the differences between DSEK and DMEK, highlighting their respective advantages and applications.