Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is a surgical procedure to treat nasolacrimal duct obstruction, which often results in chronic dacryocystitis and excessive tearing (epiphora). This article provides a comprehensive overview of the procedure, including anatomy and physiology, pathophysiology, historical context, surgical techniques, specific complications, and outcomes.
Lymphedema-Distichiasis Syndrome (LDS) is a rare genetic disorder characterised by the presence of double rows of eyelashes (distichiasis) and primary lymphedema. The ophthalmological manifestations of LDS are significant due to their potential impact on vision and overall eye health. This article provides an overview of the clinical features, diagnosis, and management of the ophthalmological complications associated with LDS.
Fuchs’ dystrophy, a progressive disorder affecting the cornea, is a condition characterised by the gradual deterioration of endothelial cells in the cornea, leading to vision impairment and, in severe cases, blindness. Ernst Fuchs, an Austrian ophthalmologist, first described the dystrophy in 1910. His detailed observations laid the groundwork for understanding the disease's clinical and pathological features. Initially, there were no effective treatments, and patients often faced significant vision loss. The primary management strategies involved symptomatic relief through hypertonic saline drops and ointments to reduce corneal oedema temporarily.
Corneal transplantation has seen significant advancements in recent years, with Descemet's Stripping Endothelial Keratoplasty (DSEK) and Descemet's Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty (DMEK) at the forefront. These techniques offer improved outcomes and faster recovery times compared to traditional full-thickness corneal transplants. This article explores the differences between DSEK and DMEK, highlighting their respective advantages and applications.
Birdshot chorioretinopathy (also known as birdshot retinochoroidopathy, vitiliginous chorioretinitis or birdshot uveitis) is a cause of chronic and bilateral posterior uveitis. It is characterised by yellow-white hypopigmented fundus lesions, and results in a gradual decline in visual acuity over time. The disease was first described as “candle wax spot chorioretinopathy” in 1949 by two ophthalmologists, Franceschetti and Babel, referring to a case of a 65-year-old woman who presented with discrete hypopigmented lesions. It was not until 1980 that two other ophthalmologists, Ryan and Maumenee, used the term “birdshot” to describe the scatter pattern of cream-coloured retinal lesions seen in the condition that resemble the pattern seen when pellets are fired from a shotgun.