COVID-19 was a respiratory virus which had a significant impact upon the world – resulting in over 6 million deaths worldwide. In addition to fatalities, it also resulted in worsening of chronic conditions due to reduced screening, clinic appointments and elective surgeries. Diabetic patients are also reported to be at a higher risk of severe disease if infected. Of those with severe infection, requiring intubation retinopathy was a significant risk factor (holding 5x increased risk). Ahmed et al state a decline in intravitreal injections ranged from 30 to 64% during the pandemic, which would have further potentiated diabetic retinopathy progression.

Ophthalmology as a career and speciality within the United Kingdom is highly competitive, with a limited number of spots per year across the country, the latest reported competition ratio exceeding a 10:1 ratio. With this in mind, it is important to develop skillsets early, especially as a junior doctor, in order to ensure you are able to develop both your surgical dexterity as well as CV as an aspiring applicant.

Orbital Cellulitis is an uncommon infection involving structures both anterior to the orbital septum, and more importantly structures posterior to the septum. In the current antimicrobial era, most cases of orbital cellulitis can be management medically and complicated cases of infection are uncommon; however surgical management of infection is sometimes needed. The most common cause of orbital cellulitis is secondary to acute rhinosinusitis, however it can also arise due to direct injury, spread from facial/odontogenic infection and rarely haematogenous spread form distant sources.

Aishwarya Khanna ‘‘Red Eye’ is a sign associated with several ocular presentations. Many of these are included in the conditions list, forming the ophthalmology curriculum for medical students during their…

The WHO estimates 8.5% of the adult population have diabetes. A long-term microvascular complication of diabetes is diabetic retinopathy (DR). Among patients aged 25-74, diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of vision loss worldwide. By 2023, an estimated 191 million people will have DR of which 56.3 million are expected to have vision-threatening DR. Key determinants of the risk of developing DR are the age of the patient, duration of diabetes, and glycaemic control. This short article will describe three major metabolic pathways underlying the pathophysiology of DR.

Orkun Kaymaz Introduction Stickler Syndrome is a rare, hereditary connective tissue disorder characterized by a wide array of clinical features affecting multiple systems. This collagenopathy impacts the musculoskeletal system, hearing,…

The clinical manifestations of Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome can be profound and diverse, primarily affecting the eye but also involving various systemic structures. Ocular features include iris stromal hypoplasia, corectopia, polycoria, and posterior embryotoxon. These ocular abnormalities often lead to glaucoma, which can be severe and sight-threatening if left untreated.